Which of the following is a factor that can lead to shoulder dystocia during delivery?

Macrosomia, which refers to a condition where a baby is significantly larger than average (typically weighing over 4,000 grams or 8 pounds 13 ounces at birth), is a known risk factor for shoulder dystocia. This occurs because a larger baby can have difficulty navigating through the birth canal during delivery, particularly if its shoulders get stuck behind the mother's pelvic bone after the head has emerged. As the baby's shoulders are wider than the head, they may become impinged on the maternal pelvis, leading to shoulder dystocia.

Understanding this risk is crucial in obstetric practice, as it helps in identifying appropriate management strategies, monitoring during labor, and understanding when a cesarean delivery might be indicated to avoid complications associated with shoulder dystocia.